North Atlantic, reaching south to North Africa and east to Russia, Constantinople and the Middle East, as looters, traders, colonists, and mercenaries. Vikings under Leif Eriksson, heir to Erik the Red, reached North America, and set up a short-lived settlement in present-day L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.
The motives driving the Viking expansion form a topic of much debate in Nordic history. One common theory posits that Charlemagne "used force and terror to Christianise all pagans", leading to "baptism, converting or death by iron and blood", and as a result "Vikings and other pagans wanted to avenge". Professor Rudolf Simek confirms that "it is not a coincidence if the early Viking activity occurred during the reign of Charlemagne". Because of the penetration of Christianity in Scandinavia, serious conflict divided Norway for almost a century.
Another common theory posits that the Norse population had outgrown the agricultural potential of their Scandinavian homeland.For a coastal population with superior naval technologies, it made sense to expand overseas in the face of a youth bulge effect. Raiding by sea may have been easier than The Vikings sailed most of thetrying to carve out new farms in their vast interior boreal forest, which is not highly productive soil. No such rise in population or decline in agricultural production has been definitively proven.
Another explanation is that the Vikings exploited a moment of weakness in the surrounding regions. For instance, the Danish Vikings were aware of the internal divisions within charlmange empire that began in the 830s and resulted in schism.England suffered from internal divisions, and was relatively easy prey given the proximity of many towns to the sea or to navigable rivers. Lack of organised naval opposition throughout Western Europe allowed Viking ships to travel freely, raiding or trading as opportunity permitted.
The decline in the profitability of old trade routes could also have played a role. Trade between western Europe and the rest of Eurasia suffered a severe blow when the roman empire fell in the 5th century. The expansion of islam in the 7th century had also affected trade with western Europe.Trade on the mediterrian sea was historically at its lowest level when the Vikings initiated their expansion. By opening new trade routes in Arabic and Frankish lands, the Vikings profited from international trade by expanding beyond their traditional boundaries.

the anasazi and mound builders

           Anasazi and the Mound builders are important parts of American History. They were early North American Societies and Cultures. They both changed the way that these native cultures lived. The early Anasazi were the first group of native peoples to have the sense of revolution about them. The Mound Builders were the first culture to build mounds, so that was their way of doing things differently.

1. The Anasazi inhabited regions in the western United States. Their territories stretched from New Mexico and Arizona to Utah. These people liked to live in many areas like cliff sides. Many believe that the Anasazi lived in the Four Corners area of the Colorado Plateau where Arizona, Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico now meet. There lifestyle fitted the climate and resources found in this area.

   
   

   The Mound Builders inhabited regions farther east in the United States. Earth mounds are in the in the eastern and central parts of the United States, particularly in the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys. The Mound Builders obviously built these mounds so it is known that they lived in these areas. It is commonly accepted that they lived from 900 to 1300 C.E. The things from the Mound Builders' culture have possibly effected the way that we live today.

   
   

   The Anasazi people lived in small caves or stone houses. At one point in their history they lived in defensible villages and cliff dwellings. That is one of the reasons that it is known that they liked to live near cliffs. The Mound Builders, on the other hand, built houses where they tied slabs to frames. The houses that the Mound Builders built were built much better than the ones of the tribes to the east and south.

   
   

   The Anasazi traveled in small family groups from three to eight. They stopped long enough every now and then to build crude huts and sleeping circles. The Anasazi were always on the move. Because of this, I conclude that there must have been a group leader like the main person in the family and someone to make the crucial decisions for the group’s survival. Also, in the northern San Juan-Mesa Verde area, small families of Anasazi were living in pit houses by 600 C.E.

   
   

   The Mound Builders lived in small villages. The men’s jobs were hunting, fishing, working in the fields, and building shelters for their families. The way that a family was started was when two people got married. The women of this culture also helped out by making clothes, tending the domesticated animals, building mounds, and preparing the food. The roles of both genders were crucial to the survival of the Mound Builders.

   
   

   The religious beliefs of the Anasazi somewhat debated among archaeologists. The Anasazi may have been influenced into leaving their homeland by a new religion. They valued nature and the Earth over everything else. They also believe in the Creator and that every living thing is a part of the Creator. It is also thought by some archaeologists that they may have incorporated a form of sun worship into their culture.

   
   

   The Mound Builders’ believed “Let thy thoughts and thy purposes be hidden from the world.” They also believe “Keep thine eye open, thy hand ready, and thy mouth shut.” I also saw something that said that someone used magic from the power of the sun, so there may have been some form of sun worship. They also built these big mounds for burial purposes. They buried the deceased in the mound, and that is how they honored them.

   
   

   The subgroups of the Anasazi was information that was pretty hard to find. The Hohokom was a culture that coexisted and had commerce with the Anasazi. They lived in what is now central Arizona. The Puebloan people were the ancestors of the Anasazi. The way I understood it, the Anasazi were more of a subgroup of the various other cultures in that area, but there were a few other groups that had connections to them.

   
   

   The subgroups of the Mound Builders included the ones in North America and the one in Mesoamerica. The Mound Builders in Mesoamerica built pyramids whereas the Mound Builders in North America built giant mounds that were usually round or sometimes round or rectangular with sloping sides. Both peoples’ mounds served as religious functions. In Mesoamerica, the pyramids usually had a temple at the summit. However, North American mounds were, for the most part, burial mounds.

   
   

   In conclusion, the Anasazi and the Mound Builders had unique cultures. They had religious beliefs, areas that they inhabited, and ways of life including housing. They both had subgroups of the cultures. There were some differences in the subgroups. There is no doubt that these two cultures helped shape the way that the world is today.

the industrial revolution

The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times. It began in Britain, and then subsequently spread throughout Western Europe, North America, Japan, and eventually the world.

The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. Most notably, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. In the two centuries following 1800, the world's average per capita income increased over tenfold, while the world's population increased over six fold.

            Starting in the later part of the 18th century, there began a transition in parts of Great Britain's previously manual labor and draft-animal–based economy towards machine-based manufacturing. It started with the mechanization of the textile industries, the development of iron-making techniques and the increased use of refined coal. Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals, improved roads and railways.

The introduction of steam power fuelled primarily by coal, wider utilization of water wheels and powered machinery underpinned the dramatic increases in production capacity. The development of all-metal machine tools in the first two decades of the 19th century facilitated the manufacture of more production machines for manufacturing in other industries. The effects spread throughout Western Europe and North America during the 19th century, eventually affecting most of the world, a process that continues as industrialization. The impact of this change on society was enormous.

Before the steam engine, pits were often shallow bell pits following a seam of coal along the surface, which were abandoned as the coal was extracted. In other cases, if the geology was favorable, the coal was mined by means of an audit or drift mine driven into the side of a the United States originally used horse-powered machinery to power its earliest factories, but eventually switched to water power, with the consequence that industrialization was essentially limited to New England and the rest of the Northeastern United States, where fast-moving rivers were located. Horse-drawn production proved to be economically challenging and a more difficult alternative to the newer water-powered production lines. However, the raw materials  came from the Southern United States. It was not until after the Civil War in the 1860s that steam-powered manufacturing overtook water-powered manufacturing, allowing the industry to fully spread across the nation.

Thomas Somers and the Cabot Brothers founded the Beverly Cotton Manufactory in 1787, the first cotton mill in America, the largest cotton mill of its era, and a significant milestone in the research and development of cotton mills in the future. This cotton mill was designed to utilize horse-powered production, however the operators quickly learned that the economic stability of their horse-drawn platform was unstable, and had fiscal issues for years after it was built. Despite the losses, the Manufactory served as a playground of innovation, both in turning a large amount of cotton, but also developing the water-powered milling structure used in Slater's Mill.

Samuel Slater is the founder of the Slater Mill. As a boy apprentice in Derbyshire, England, he learned of the new techniques in the textile industry and defied laws against the emigration of skilled workers by leaving for New York in 1789, hoping to make money with his knowledge. Slater founded Slater's Mill at Pawtucket, Rhode Island, in 1793. He went on to own thirteen textile mills. Daniel Day established a wool carding mill in the Blackstone Valley at Uxbridge, Massachusetts in 1809, the third woolen mill established in the U.S. (The first was in Hartford, Connecticut, and the second at Watertown, Massachusetts.) The John H. Chafee Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor retraces the history of "America's Hardest-Working River', the Blackstone. The Blackstone River and its tributaries, which cover more than 45 miles from Worcester to Providence, was the birthplace of America's Industrial Revolution. At its peak over 1100 mills operated in this valley, including Slater's mill, and with it the earliest beginnings of America's Industrial and Technological Development.

While on a trip to England in 1810, Newburyport merchant Francis Cabot Lowell was allowed to tour the British textile factories, but not take notes. Realizing the War of 1812 had ruined his import business but that a market for domestic finished cloth was emerging in America, he memorized the design of textile machines and on his return to the United States, he set up the Boston Manufacturing Company. Lowell and his partners built America's second cotton-to-cloth textile mill at Waltham, Massachusetts, second to the Beverly Cotton Manufactory After his death in 1817, his associates built America's first planned factory town, which they named after him. This enterprise was capitalized in a public stock offering, one of the first uses of it in the United States. Lowell, Massachusetts, utilizing 5.6 miles of canals and ten thousand horsepower delivered by the Merrimack River, is considered by some to be a major contributor to the success of the American Industrial Revolution. The short-lived utopia-like Lowell System was formed, as a direct response to the poor working conditions in Britain. However, by 1850, especially following the Irish Potato Famine, the system had been replaced by poor immigrant labor.

The industrialization of the watch industry started 1854 also in Waltham, Massachusetts, at the Waltham Watch Company, with the development of machine tools, tools, gauges and assembling methods adapted to the micro precision required for watches. Shaft mining was done in some areas, but the limiting factor was the problem of removing water. It could be done by hauling buckets of water up the shaft or to a sough were very poor, with a high casualty rate from rock falls. In either case, the water had to be discharged into a stream or ditch at a level where it could flow away by gravity.

The introduction of the steam engine greatly facilitated the removal of water and enabled shafts to be made deeper, enabling more coal to be extracted. These were developments that had begun before the Industrial Revolution, but the adoption of James Watt's more efficient steam engine from the 1770s reduced the fuel costs of engines, making mines more profitable. Coal mining was very dangerous owing to the presence of firedamp in many coal seams. Some degree of safety was provided by the safety lamp which was invented in 1816 by Sir Humphry Davy and independently by George Stephenson. However, the lamps proved a false dawn because they became unsafe very quickly and provided a weak light. Firedamp explosions continued, often setting off coal dust explosions, so casualties grew during the entire 19th century. Conditions of work

growth of america

The population grew during the late 1700's to early 1800's. Immigration started to happen alot during 1815. Immigrants were greatly interested in the money they could make and people had low fees to get them to america. Lots of them went to other places because their home was just to small and overcrowded or money wasn't good.Then after all this went down the industry began to grow and prosper. Good's were transported regularly from many different places to america . When all of these changes came america truely started to grow.

who they met

along thier trip lewis and clark met many people. like candian fur traders. also they met many western indian tribes. they met saquaguade along thier way and seh guided them

malibury vs madison

malibury sued madison, for not delivaring the comission. it ended up going to supreme court. john marshall resided over the case. he was the judge at the case.they ended up giving malibury the comission. this is what happened at the case.